In 1999, the independently developed CAS Erable for the HP 48 series became an officially integrated part of the firmware of the emerging HP 49/50 series, and a year later into the HP 40 series as well, whereas the HP Prime adopted the Xcas system in 2013. In 1987, Hewlett-Packard introduced the first hand-held calculator CAS with the HP-28 series, and it was possible, for the first time in a calculator, to arrange algebraic expressions, differentiation, limited symbolic integration, Taylor series construction and a solver for algebraic equations. Freely available alternatives include SageMath (which can act as a front-end to several other free and nonfree CAS). As of today, the most popular commercial systems are Mathematica and Maple, which are commonly used by research mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. The first popular computer algebra systems were muMATH, Reduce, Derive (based on muMATH), and Macsyma a popular copyleft version of Macsyma called Maxima is actively being maintained. MATHLAB (" mathematical laboratory") should not be confused with MATLAB (" matrix laboratory"), which is a system for numerical computation built 15 years later at the University of New Mexico. Today it can still be used on SIMH emulations of the PDP-10. Later MATHLAB was made available to users on PDP-6 and PDP-10 systems running TOPS-10 or TENEX in universities. Using Lisp as the programming basis, Carl Engelman created MATHLAB in 1964 at MITRE within an artificial-intelligence research environment. Significant systems include Axiom, Maxima, Magma, Maple, Mathematica, and SageMath.Ī Texas Instruments TI-Nspire calculator that contains a computer algebra systemĬomputer algebra systems began to appear in the 1960s and evolved out of two quite different sources-the requirements of theoretical physicists and research into artificial intelligence.Ī prime example for the first development was the pioneering work conducted by the later Nobel Prize laureate in physics Martinus Veltman, who designed a program for symbolic mathematics, especially high-energy physics, called Schoonschip (Dutch for "clean ship") in 1963. This large amount of required computer capabilities explains the small number of general-purpose computer algebra systems. For example, the computation of polynomial greatest common divisors is systematically used for the simplification of expressions involving fractions. The library must not only provide for the needs of the users, but also the needs of the simplifier.
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